Omissão do café da manhã e alterações metabólicas em adolescentes com excesso de peso

Abstract

Breakfast is a crucial meal for adolescent development, as it provides essential nutrients for the body to function. However, typical changes at this stage can lead to skipping this meal, which can result in health problems such as obesity and dyslipidemia. Obesity, in particular, is a serious chronic disease and a major public health problem, especially among children and adolescents, due to its long-term consequences. The aim of this study is to verify the association between skipping breakfast with metabolic alterations and sociobiodemographic factors in overweight adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study of 154 adolescents aged between 10 and 19, of both sexes and diagnosed as overweight or obese. Data was collected at three different times, with an interval of 30-45 days between each stage. The first stage involved collecting sociodemographic and economic data, clinical and dietary assessment using a semi-structured questionnaire and a 24-hour recall (R24), followed by anthropometric assessment. The second stage consisted of collecting blood for biochemical analysis and carrying out the 1R24h. In the 3rd stage, the results of the biochemical tests were delivered and nutritional advice was given according to the degree of excess weight and biochemical alterations. To analyze breakfast omission, participants were divided into 2 groups, adolescents who had breakfast and those who skipped this meal, with the Poisson test being performed to verify the association between these groups. We observed that of the 154 participants, 43 adolescents who skipped breakfast, the majority were female (31%), 13 years old or older (42.9%) and with a family income above one minimum wage (32.9%). In relation to breakfast consumption without ultra-processed foods, the highest percentages were female (39.4%), aged 10 to 12 (35.4%), overweight (43.2%) and with normal cholesterol (35.5%), but without statistical significance. We found a possible association between types of breakfast and BMI-age (p=0.087) and age (p=0.062), but without statistical significance according to the bivariate and multivariate Poisson analyses (p>0.05). When testing sociodemographic and metabolic variables to produce a multivariate model associated with skipping breakfast among overweight adolescents, it was not possible to estimate a significant model. We identified a significant model by testing the grouping variables based on the correspondence analysis of sociodemographic and metabolic variables in the population of overweight adolescents (p=0.019). The characteristics associated exclusively with each breakfast profile were: omission of breakfast with tertile 1 of energy and overweight; breakfast with ultra-processed foods associated with the second tertile of income; and consumption of breakfast without ultra-processed foods associated with the highest tertile of income. It was concluded that the majority of adolescents who skipped breakfast were girls and had better family purchasing power, with females also consuming ultra-processed foods at breakfast.