Sistemas descentralizados de tratamento de esgoto para residências unifamiliares isoladas em áreas rurais: uma revisão bibliográfica

Abstract

Historically, the lack of sewage systems has been associated with outbreaks, impacting populations during the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution. Inadequate disposal of effluents still exists in many regions of Brazil, especially in rural areas and urban outskirts without adequate infrastructure. Decentralized systems, designed to treat sewage close to its source, stand out as promising solutions for single-family homes and small communities, due to their low cost and simplified maintenance, adapting to the reality of rural areas in Brazil. This paper reviews the literature on decentralized sewage treatment systems, assessing their efficiency, technical and economic viability, environmental and economic benefits, and identifying challenges and limitations. technologies such as dry toilets, biodigester septic tanks, evapotranspiration tanks, root zones, and family biowater systems are analyzed. The choice of technology depends on local conditions, available resources, and population needs. The adoption of these solutions can transform sewage management in isolated areas, contributing to sustainable development and promoting public health.