Sistemas globais de produção de camarão: uma análise com base na literatura recente

Abstract

The growing global demand for shrimp over the years has led to the development of various farming techniques. However, as the number of available methods increased, the precise definition of each became unclear, hindering decision-making in the sector. In this context, this study aimed to analyze and characterize the main global shrimp production systems, based on over 1,200 articles published between 2019 and 2023, selected according to specific criteria, such as addressing the characteristics of the systems, including technical, environmental, and economic aspects. The literature analysis identified nine farming systems: traditional, extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, superintensive, recirculation, biofloc, symbiotic, and aquamimicry. Aspects such as stocking density, microbiota, production cycle time, survival, costs, and environmental impacts were evaluated. The results show a progressive increase in scientific production on these systems, while the discussion provides a detailed characterization of each, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. It was concluded that, with the intensification of shrimp production, the costs and investments in technologies for efficient environmental management are essential, and issues such as environmental neglect to increase economic viability only increase the risks of collapse in this segment. Furthermore, as a measure to support the sector, we propose an innovative index, the Optimal Conditions for Shrimp Index (OCSI), aimed at evaluating the discrepancy between the conditions of farming systems and the ideal parameters found in the shrimp's natural environment, while also indicating the level of technological input required for the adjustment of the assessed systems.