Mudanças climáticas: análise da implementação das contribuições nacionalmente determinadas do Brasil no Acordo de Paris

Abstract

Over the years, several documents have been signed in an attempt to mitigate the effects caused by intense climate changes. However, almost ten years after the Kyoto Protocol, there were several obstacles to its achievement, culminating in the insufficiency of meeting the determined targets. The greatest expectation remained in the Conference of the Parties that took place in Paris (COP 21), at the end of 2015, where the “Paris Agreement” was adopted, marking a new phase in the international climate regime. The instituted goal was to keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, seeking further efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The main innovation of the Paris Agreement was to bring an approach of selfresponsibility of the Parties to promote their goals, based on the “Nationally Determined Contributions” (CND) that should be developed at the national level of each State, each one reflecting its share of responsibility . Based on this historical evolution, the scope of the present study is to analyze the progress of the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions of the Brazilian State. Brazil has a prominent participation in this scenario, a country of continental dimensions and which has an enormous potential for contributing to the objective of the Paris Agreement, having committed itself to a 37% reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 2025 and 43%, by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. To this end, the Brazilian state decided to invest in specific key sectors of the economy, committing itself to achieving specific objectives in each one. However, it is questioned that the actions that have been adopted by the Brazilian government, are sufficient to achieve the commitments voluntarily assumed at the international level. For this, the present work is prepared to analyze the scope of the implementation of the Brazilian goal, from the analysis of national and international documents that point out the trajectory and the difficulties that permeate this challenge for Brazil. This study uses exploratory and bibliographic research as methodological procedures, with consultation in printed and electronic media, from access to official documents and virtual portals of international bodies, as well as to national and international doctrine. Furthermore, the research is of a qualitative type, which aims to analyze the subjective aspect of the theme. It is concluded that the actions and programs operated by the Brazilian State, mainly in the current political government's conjecture, are insufficient to achieve the Brazilian goal.