Análise ergonômica das atividades dos usuários das academias ao ar livre e os riscos de lesões musculoesqueléticas

Abstract

This dissertation aimed to analyze the Outdoor´s Gym (OG) in public spaces, which were implanted in Brazil, with the purpose of providing the population with the practice of physical activity, in order to minimize morbidity and mortality rates, as part of a public health policy. This study aims to classify the users and the physical activities performed by them in the OG`s, analyze the existing physical activity programs, analyze the physical practices performed by the users and the risks of associated with musculoskeletal injuries and evaluate the determinants of the adopted management system in the OG, that can interfere with the quality of the practices of the physical activities and, consequently, in the generation of risks of injury in the users. In order to do so, a mapping of the OGs existing in the town of Parnamirim/RN, Brazil, was carried out, followed by a case study, in which the Ergonomic Work Analysis (EWA) method was adopted and the observational and interactive relevant techniques. The case study was carried out in the OG of Monsenhor Walfredo Gurgel park located in the same town. The subject population of the study is composed by 41 practitioners of OG physical activity, which 70.7% are women. The occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries was reported by 9.8% of OG users. It was also observed that the physical activities performed by the individuals in the most used equipment, arriving at the following data: presence of pain in 85.3% of the users; physical activity with a frequency of 4 to 7 times per week, by 73.1% of users; 48.8% of the subject remained in the park for up to 60 min per day; 82.9% attended the OG for more than 2 years; and 87.7% of users walk up to 3 km to reach the park and 82.9% of the user reaches the park walking. It was observed, in different contexts of use in the OG physical activity equipment, the existence of different modes of use adopted by users when performing the physical activity, such as the biomechanics used in the execution of the exercise, in certain cases, was wrong and not recommended, forcing musculoskeletal injuries. This scenario is even more favored, among other factors, when it is verified that the presence of multidisciplinary team of professionals to assist and guide users is not available, 100% of the OG users used the equipment without specialized professional supervision, 100% carried out the physical activities without a specific program and the possibility of adjusting the equipment to the user anthropometry is not existing, since 100% of the OG equipment does not have adjusting settings. In general, the OG equipment and physical space do not meet the requirements of comfort, safety and accessibility. In order to minimize the risk of musculoskeletal injury among users of OG, it is recommended to: create and consolidate a public physical activity program for OG users that takes into account the singularities of each one, the user’s physical activity program, and which were elaborated by their respective professionals, and orient them when performing the physical activity; the creation of multidisciplinary teams of professionals to assist and guide users; the procurement steps to buy the equipment, which prioritize the needs of the population, based on epidemiological studies, safety, comfort, ergonomic, accessibility, durability and equipment regulation criteria; the creation of a preventive and corrective maintenance plan for the equipment; the elaboration and execution of OG projects associated with the park those project should provide safety, comfort, well-being and beauty to the population, in order to favor physical activity in OG´s; the implementation of a program of health and quality of life for the town`s population, that contemplates the program of physical activity in OG´s.